What Do I Believe About War?
. . . Questions for the conscientious objector

나는 전쟁에 대하여 무엇을 믿는가?

양심적 거부자를 위한 질문들...

War?
What is conscientious objection?
What types of conscientious objectors are recognized by federal law?
What other types of conscientious objectors are there?
Am I a conscientious objector?
Why is it so important to think about this now?
What about women?
What obligations would I have as a conscientious objector?
What should I do if I am a conscientious objector?
What are letters of support?
What happens next?

Worksheet on War Objection

전쟁이란?
양심적 거부는 무엇인가?
연방법에 의하면 어떤 종류의 양심적 거부자들이 인정되는가?
기타 어떤 종류의 양심적 거부가 존재하는가?
나는 양심적 거부자인가?
왜 지금 이것에 대해 생각함이 중요한가?
여성들은 어떤가?
양심적 거부자로서 나는 어떤 의무들을 지니는가?
내가 양심적 거부자라면 무엇을 해야만 하는가?
지지 서신들은 무엇인가?
다음엔 무엇이 일어나는가?

전쟁 반대에 대한 워크시트

War?

The world still faces difficult questions about war and peace. Each of us probably asks at some time in his or her life, "What do I believe about war?" The purpose of this questionnaire is to encourage people who have strong concerns about participating in war and who might be conscientious objectors to answer that question and make a record of it. The answers could prove useful especially for those who might deal with the Selective Service System or the military in the future. The answers could also help those who are struggling with questions concerning paying taxes for war and working in war-related jobs.

세상은 아직도 전쟁과 평화에 관한 어려운 질문들을 직면하고 있다. 우리 각자는 아마도 자신의 삶에서, "나는 전쟁에 대하여 무엇을 믿는가"라고 질문한다. 이러한 물음의 목적은 전쟁에 참여함에 대한 강렬한 관심들을 가지고 있으며 양심적 거부자일 수도 있는 사람들이 질문에 답하고 그에 관한 기록을 지닐 수 있도록 격려하기 위해서이다. 답변들은 미래에 [대체 복무 제도] 또는 군대를 대하게 될 사람들을 위해 특히 유용함을 알게 될 것이다. 대답들은 또한 전쟁을 위한 세금을 납부함과 전쟁 관련 직업들에 종사함에 관한 의문들과 씨름하는 사람들을 도울 수 있을 것이다. 

What is conscientious objection?

Generally, conscientious objection is a sincere conviction, motivated by conscience, that forbids someone from taking part in organized killing. This objection may apply to all forms or to particular aspects of war.

일반적으로, 양심적 거부는, 양심에 의하여 동기가 유발되며, 사람들이 조직화된 살인에 참여함을 금지하는 참된 신념이다. 이 거부는 모든 형태의 또는 특정한 형태의 전쟁에 적용된다. 

1. CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS: These are persons who, by reason of religious, ethical, or moral belief, are "conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form." These people may be discharged from military service. They are exempt from military service, in the event of a draft. If called up, they may perform alternative service as civilians.

2. NONCOMBATANT CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS: These are persons who, by reason of religious, ethical or moral belief, are conscientiously opposed to killing in war in any form but who do not object to performing noncombatant duties (such as being a medic) in the armed forces. These people are reassigned to non-combatant duties in the Armed Forces or, in the event of a draft, are trained without weapons and assigned to non-combatant service.

What other types of conscientious objectors are there?

3. CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS TO PAYING FOR WAR: These are people whose consciences forbid them to pay the military portion of their taxes because of ethical, moral and religious beliefs. Many impoverish themselves by living below taxable levels, others suffer garnishment, court appearances, property loss, and, in some cases, imprisonment. If provision for conscientious objectors to paying war taxes is enacted, most of them will be able to pay all their taxes without this agonizing moral dilemma.

4. SELECTIVE OBJECTORS: These are persons whose consciences would not permit them to participate in what they believe to be an "unjust" war but do permit them to participate in what they believe to be a "just" war. For example some people who were conscientiously opposed to the Vietnam War because they believed it was unjust said that they would have fought in World War II. Selective objectors may also object to certain weaponry or to particular targeting and therefore request reassignment.

6. NONCOOPERATORS WITH THE DRAFT: These are persons whose consciences forbid them to cooperate with draft law requirements. Many of these conscientious objectors refuse to register for the draft. Nonregistration is currently illegal. Current law stipulates that young men who fail to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday are subject to possible criminal penalties of up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000. They also forego Federal financial aid for higher education and job training as well as employment in the Federal government. Some states have similar penalties, even prohibiting enrollment in their colleges and universities.

Am I a conscientious objector?

This question is not as simple to answer as it may seem, so it is important to give it serious thought. You may want to consult your relatives, friends, teachers, or religious advisors. It may take some time to come to a conclusion. The important thing is to start thinking about this now. What do you believe about war?

이 질문은 보이는 것처럼 대답하기가 그리 간단하지 않다, 그래서 이에 대해서는 진지한 생각을 해봄이 중요하다. 당신의 친척들, 친구들 교사들, 또는 종교적 조언자들과 상담하고 싶을 것이다. 결론에 이르기 위해서는 어느 정도 시간이 필요하다. 중요한 것은 바로 지금 이에 대한 생각을 시작하는 것이다. 당신은 전쟁에 대해 무엇을 믿는가?

Why is it so important to think about this now?

If a war were declared today, the draft could begin immediately. Or a peacetime draft or compulsory national service might be enacted. A plan to register and conscript health care professionals has been prepared and probably would be implemented in a war emergency before other conscription measures are implemented. Under current regulations, conscientious objectors have a very limited time following an induction order to document their claim for an exemption from military service. Since time would be short, as little as nine days, conscientious objectors should think through the basis of their claim now. In peacetime or war, early documentation of beliefs is one evidence of their sincerity.

Few reservists or active duty personnel ever consider conscientious objection prior to enlistment or commissioning. (They cannot enter the military as conscientious objectors.) When military personnel begin to question their tasks, responsibilities, and mission, they should take a careful look at their beliefs about war. The questions on the worksheet will prepare them for making a claim according to the procedures in each of the armed forces. Military procedure adds questions about when CO beliefs crystallized in the military person’s life and the limits the service man or woman would put on the use of force.

About half of Federal income taxes go for military purposes. Many taxpayers object to paying others to go to war or for preparations for war. If provision is made in law for conscientious objectors to paying for war (the U.S. Peace Tax Fund bill), they will have to establish that they are conscientious objectors in order to have the military portion of their Federal income tax redirected for peaceful purposes. They, too, should begin to document their beliefs.

What about women?

Despite the fact that women are not yet required to register for the draft, Congress has the power to include women in a draft and they do pay taxes. Plans for a draft of health care professionals include women, and women already make up ten percent of the U.S. military. It is, therefore, important that women, as well as men, consider what they believe about war.

여성들은 아직 징병에 등록할 필요가 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 의회는 여성을 징병에 포함시킬 권한이 있으며 그들은 세금을 납부한다. 건강 관리 전문인들을 위한 계획들은 여성들을 포함하여, 여성들은 이미 미합중국 군대의 10%를 차지하고 있다. 그러므로 남성들 뿐만 아니라 여성들도 그들이 전쟁에 의하여 무엇을 믿는지를 숙고해 봄이 중요하다.

What obligations would I have as a conscientious objector?

As a result of being classified a conscientious objector, you would be required to give two years of alternative service in some civilian agency or non-combatant service in the Army, if you are drafted. Taxpayers would still have to pay the full amount of taxes due.

양심적 거부자로 분류된 결과로서, 만일 당신이 징병된다면, 당신은 일부 민간 기관에 또는 육군의 비전투 복무에 2년간의 대체 복무를 수행할 의무가 있다. 납세자들은 여전히 납세 의무가 있는 전체 세금을 납부해야만 한다.

What should I do if I am a conscientious objector?

Prepare now. If you think you are a conscientious objector, answer the questions on the attached worksheet as clearly and completely as possible. Make a separate copy and mail it to the Center on Conscience & War (CCW) and/or your own religious body or counseling agency. Keep a copy for your own records. CCW will be happy to receive your statement whether or not your objection is based on traditional religious grounds.

If you send a copy of your statement to CCW, a counselor will review it and send any recommendations that might help in the presentation of a future conscientious objector claim. We also recommend that you gather letters of support.

지금 준비하라. 만일 당신이 양심적 거부자라고 생각한다면, 첨부된 워크시트의 질문들에 가능한 분명하게 그리고 완전하게 대답하라. 각각의 사본을 만들고 그것을 [양심과 전쟁 본부(CCW)]나 당신 자신의 종교 단체나 상담 기관에 발송하라. 당신 자신의 기록을 위하여 사본을 보관하라. CCW는 당신의 거부가 전통적인 종교적 근거들에 기초하고 있든 아니든 당신의 진술을 기꺼이 수령할 것이다.

만일 당신의 진술서 사본을 CCW에 보낸다면, 상담원이 그것을 검토하고 미래의 양심적 거부 주장의 제시에 도움일 될 권고들을 보낼 것이다. 우리는 또한 당신이 지지 서신들을 모을 것을 권유한다. 

What are letters of support?

Letters of support are letters written by people who know you well and will attest to the sincerity of your conscientious objector claim. These letters can be very important. It is not necessary that the writers agree with your beliefs. The best letters are often written by persons who disagree with the conscientious objector but believe in his or her sincerity. Two or three good letters are advisable. The letters, as well as your statement, can be revised if and when you have to apply for CO status. (You will be allowed witnesses at your draft hearing, and the writers might appear on your behalf.)   See more about letters of support in the CCW publication "Letters of Support."

지지 서신들은 당신을 잘 알 고 있으며 당신의 양심적 거부자 주장의 진실성을 증거해줄 사람들에 의하여 작성된 서신들이다. 이들 서신들은 매우 중요할 수 있다. 필자들이 당신의 신념들에 동의할 필요는 없다. 가장 훌륭한 서신은 종종 양심적 거부자에 동의하지 않지만 그의 진실성을 믿는 사람들에 의해 쓰여진 것이다. 두세 편의 좋은 서신이면 권장된다. 그리고 당신이 CO 자격을 신청해야 한다면그리고 그러할 때에, 당신의 진술 뿐만 아니라 그 서신들은  수정될 수 있다. (당신은 징병 청문에서 증인들을 세울 수 있으며 필자들이 당신을 대신하여 출두 할 수 있다.) CCW 간행물 "지지 서신들"에서 지지 서신들에 좀더 알 수 있다.

What happens next?

If the draft begins, or provisions are made in the tax laws, or you decide to apply from within the military, you will have all of the answers to the questions on your worksheet plus letters of support on file with CCW and/or your religious body or counseling agency. You will also have your own copy. (These records will be invaluable in documenting your conscientious objector claim.)

만일 징병이 시작되거나, 세법에 조항들이 규정된다면, 또는 군대 안에서 신청하기로 결정한다면, 당신의 워크시트 상의 질문들에 대한 모든 대답들 및 지지 서신들을 CCW나 당신의 종교 단체 또는 상담 기관과 함께 파일로 가지고 있어야 한다. 당신은 또한 자신의 사본을 가지고 있어야 한다. (이들 기록들은 당신의 양심적 거부 주장을 문서화함에 귀중한 것이다.) 

Worksheet on War Objection

양심적 거부에 관한 워크시트

If this worksheet was sent to you by a religious body, or a counseling agency, you may want to receive counseling only from them. If you are a member of a religious body that maintains a registry of conscientious objectors you may also want to file a copy of your statement with them. CCW can help you contact the appropriate religious agency.

(Form 22, the Selective Service System Documentation Form for Conscientious Objectors, says: "Describe your beliefs which are the reasons for your claiming conscientious objection to combatant military training and service or to all military training and service.")

This question asks you to describe, in some detail and as honestly as possible, the basic principles by which you guide your life. You should describe those values which are of utmost importance to you, such as God, love, truth, etc., and why these beliefs are in conflict with participation in war or paying for war or preparations for war. This question asks you to formulate your own statement of conscientious opposition to war. You should begin by saying that you are conscientiously opposed to war, and then describe the beliefs that lead you to such opposition. (Feel free to use additional paper for the answer to this and other questions.)

The second part of this question seeks to determine whether as a draft registrant you claim noncombatant status in the military or a full exemption from military service. You should specify what it is about noncombatant service which would violate your conscience if this is the exemption you seek. Conscientious objectors to paying taxes for war should specify what it is about paying taxes for war which violates your conscience.

Although at this time federal law does not provide exemption for selective objectors, nuclear pacifists or conscientious war tax objectors, this should not stop you from filing such statements of belief or making claims for exemption on these grounds. In the event your beliefs develop or the law changes, your statement could prove very important.

If your convictions lead you to be a noncooperator, you may wish to use your answer to this question to record your beliefs.

만일 당신의 신념들이 당신을 비협력자로 이끌어가면, 당신의 신념들을 기록하기 위한 이런 질문에 대한 당신의 답변을 사용하고자 할 것이다. 

(Form 22 says: "Describe how and when you acquired these beliefs.")

In answering this question, you should include anything of significance which helped to form your beliefs. Mention any religious training you have had if you feel such training has helped you arrive at your position. If you feel you arrived at your beliefs with no formal training, there is, of course, no need to mention any. The influence of clergy, teachers, family members, books, television, movies, membership in organizations and experiences in your life should be listed. Be specific. You need to show that strong influences in your life have stimulated you to think clearly and seriously about participation in war.

Specific incidents can be mentioned, such as seminars, or assemblies you have attended, courses taken, trips taken, contact with refugees, demonstrations you were in, to show that your beliefs had substantial formation beyond a merely "academic interest." Obviously, if you have experienced war, be sure to reflect on it. Take care not to give the impression that your belief is primarily a matter of political considerations, expediency, or merely an arbitrary, personal moral code unrelated to higher values. Unconventional beliefs do qualify, but they will require careful statement.

(Form 22 says: "Explain what most clearly shows that your beliefs are deeply held. You may wish to include a description of how your beliefs affect the way you live.")

This may be a difficult question for objectors who have not had many experiences which can show sincere beliefs. Select the best illustrations of your convictions. You can discuss how your future plans are strongly affected by a commitment to those beliefs. Describe kinds of employment you have had or plan to have which reflect your commitment. Discuss any public expression, written or oral, you have given to your beliefs. Describe your lifestyle, mention your life’s goals as you have set them, and show how they are an outgrowth of your beliefs. This question allows you to demonstrate the sincerity with which you hold your beliefs.