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jen , in Confucian philosophy, one of the most fundamental of all
virtues, variously translated as humaneness, warmheartedness, or benevolence.
Before Confucius' time jen was understood as the kindness of rulers to their
subjects. It was gradually broadened to mean benevolence, still a particular
virtue but no longer restricted to rulers. Confucius changed it to connote
perfect virtue, which includes all particular virtues and applies to all men.
Mencius and the Doctrine of the Mean went on to say that "jen
is jen"--that is, jen is the distinguishing characteristic of man.
During the Han period, it was generally interpreted as love, and Han Yu in the
T'ang period stressed it as love for all mankind.
Under the influence of Buddhism, which extended its compassion to include all
things, the Neo-Confucianists of the Sung
and Ming dynasties similarly extended jen to mean "forming one body with
Heaven, Earth, and all things." This thought was common to both the
rationalistic Ch'eng-Chu and the idealistic Lu-Wang schools. Some Sung
Neo-Confucianists, however, took jen to be a state of consciousness. Chu Hsi
called it "the character of the mind and the principle of love," and
Wang Yang-ming equated it with the "clear character" of innate
knowledge.
All these were too quietistic and too Buddhistic for the 17th- and
18th-century Neo-Confucianists, who went back to an early Han commentary on an
ancient classic that defines jen as "people living together." The new
emphasis was on the social and active aspects of jen. All Neo-Confucianists
agreed, however, that jen, or humanity, is a moral quality imparted by Heaven,
and, since the "great characteristic" of Heaven and Earth is to
produce and to reproduce, so jen is characterized by production and
reproduction; that is to say, it is life-affirming and life-giving, not only
active but creative. Under the influence of Western science in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, modern Confucianists likened jen to electricity and ether,
a dynamic force and an all-pervasive substance.
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