THE LIFE and History of Aesop is
involved, like that of Homer, the most famous of Greek
poets, in much obscurity. Sardis, the capital of Lydia;
Samos, a Greek island; Mesembria, an ancient colony in
Thrace; and Cotiaeum, the chief city of a province of
Phrygia, contend for the distinction of being the birthplace
of Aesop. Although the honor thus claimed cannot be
definitely assigned to any one of these places, yet there
are a few incidents now generally accepted by scholars as
established facts, relating to the birth, life, and death of
Aesop. He is, by an almost universal consent, allowed to
have been born about the year 620 B.C., and to have been by
birth a slave. He was owned by two masters in succession,
both inhabitants of Samos, Xanthus and Jadmon, the latter of
whom gave him his liberty as a reward for his learning and
wit. One of the privileges of a freedman in the ancient
republics of Greece, was the permission to take an active
interest in public affairs; and Aesop, like the philosophers
Phaedo, Menippus, and Epictetus, in later times, raised
himself from the indignity of a servile condition to a
position of high renown. In his desire alike to instruct and
to be instructed, he travelled through many countries, and
among others came to Sardis, the capital of the famous king
of Lydia, the great patron, in that day, of learning and of
learned men. He met at the court of Croesus with Solon,
Thales, and other sages, and is related so to have pleased
his royal master, by the part he took in the conversations
held with these philosophers, that he applied to him an
expression which has since passed into a proverb, "The
Phrygian has spoken better than all."
On the invitation of Croesus he fixed
his residence at Sardis, and was employed by that monarch in
various difficult and delicate affairs of State. In his
discharge of these commissions he visited the different
petty republics of Greece. At one time he is found in
Corinth, and at another in Athens, endeavouring, by the
narration of some of his wise fables, to reconcile the
inhabitants of those cities to the administration of their
respective rulers Periander and Pisistratus. One of these
ambassadorial missions, undertaken at the command of
Croesus, was the occasion of his death. Having been sent to
Delphi with a large sum of gold for distribution among the
citizens, he was so provoked at their covetousness that he
refused to divide the money, and sent it back to his master.
The Delphians, enraged at this treatment, accused him of
impiety, and, in spite of his sacred character as
ambassador, executed him as a public criminal. This cruel
death of Aesop was not unavenged. The citizens of Delphi
were visited with a series of calamities, until they made a
public reparation of their crime; and, "The blood of
Aesop" became a well-known adage, bearing witness to
the truth that deeds of wrong would not pass unpunished.
Neither did the great fabulist lack posthumous honors; for a
statue was erected to his memory at Athens, the work of
Lysippus, one of the most famous of Greek sculptors. P
haedrus thus immortalizes the event:
Aesopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici,
Servumque collocarunt aeterna in basi:
Patere honoris scirent ut cuncti viam;
Nec generi tribui sed virtuti gloriam.
These few facts are all that can be
relied on with any degree of certainty, in reference to the
birth, life, and death of Aesop. They were first brought to
light, after a patient search and diligent perusal of
ancient authors, by a Frenchman, M. Claude Gaspard Bachet de
Mezeriac, who declined the honor of being tutor to Louis
XIII of France, from his desire to devote himself
exclusively to literature. He published his Life of Aesop,
Anno Domini 1632. The later investigations of a host of
English and German scholars have added very little to the
facts given by M. Mezeriac. The substantial truth of his
statements has been confirmed by later criticism and
inquiry. It remains to state, that prior to this publication
of M. Mezeriac, the life of Aesop was from the pen of
Maximus Planudes, a monk of Constantinople, who was sent on
an embassy to Venice by the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus the
elder, and who wrote in the early part of the fourteenth
century. His life was prefixed to all the early editions of
these fables, and was republished as late as 1727 by
Archdeacon Croxall as the introduction to his edition of
Aesop. This life by Planudes contains, however, so small an
amount of truth, and is so full of absurd pictures of the
grotesque deformity of Aesop, of wondrous apocryphal
stories, of lying legends, and gross anachronisms, that it
is now universally condemned as false, puerile, and
unauthentic. l It is given up in the present day, by general
consent, as unworthy of the slightest credit. G.F.T.
M. Bayle thus characterises this Life of Aesop by Planudes,
"Tous les habiles gens conviennent que c'est un roman,
et que les absurdites grossieres qui l'on y trouve le
rendent indigne de toute." Dictionnaire Historique.
Art. Esope.
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Aesopo
ingentem statuam posuere Attici,Servumque collocarunt
aeterna in basi:Patere honoris scirent ut cuncti
viam;Nec generi tribui sed virtuti gloriam.
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¹«½ÃµÈ´Ù. G.F.T.
M.
º£ÀÏÀº ÇÁ¶ó´©µ¥½ºÀÇ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº À̼ÙÀÇ
»ý¾Ö¸¦ ÀÌ·¸°Ô Ư¡Áþ´Â´Ù, "Tous les
habiles gens conviennent que c'est un roman, et que
les absurdites grossieres qui l'on y trouve le rendent
indigne de toute." Dictionnaire Historique. Art.
Esope." |