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Å丶½º
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(Thomas Bulfinch) |

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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE
OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas
Bulfinch
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Thomas Bulfinch
(1796-1867)
An Introduction
by Marie Sally Cleary
(All rights reserved)
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Imagine yourself in Boston's financial district almost a
hundred and fifty years ago. The buildings on State
Street are tiny compared with today's skyscrapers. But
eastward, at the end of State Street, is the same
expanse of water you would see if you walked there today
- Boston Harbor -
into which sailed decade after decade the merchant ships
that had made Boston a great city and State Street a
center of trade.
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º¸½ºÅÏÀÇ ±ÝÀ¶°¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇØº¸¶ó. ÁÖ(ñ¶)°Å¸®ÀÇ
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¸¸µé¾ú°í, ÁְŸ®¸¦ ±³¿ª Áß½ÉÁö·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù..
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It is the end of a working day, and
people are bustling out of the banks and investment
houses. If you should turn your gaze toward a building
marked by a sign "Merchants' Bank," you would
see coming through the door with the other employees (a
dozen or so in all) a dignified-looking man with graying
sideburns, dressed in a dark suit with high white
collar, bow tie, and a gold watch chain strung across
his vest.* If you kept track
of him in the crowd, you would see him trudging
westward, away from the harbor and State Street. He
would be heading toward his bachelor quarters in a
boarding-house in Bowdoin Square (a neighborhood now
laid to rest beneath Government Center).
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Ä®¶ó¿¡ ¾îµÎ¿î ÀǺ¹À» °ÉÄ¡°í, ³ªºñ³ØÅ¸ÀÌ¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿Ê À§·Î
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Ç×±¸¿Í ÁÖ °Å¸®¿¡¼ ¶³¾îÁ®¼, ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î Å͹÷Å͹÷
°¡´Â °ÍÀ» º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â º¸µ· ±¤Àå(Áö±ÝÀº
Á¤ºÎû»çÀÇ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ÀÌ¿ô)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Çϼ÷ÁýÀÇ
±×ÀÇ µ¶½ÅÀÚ ¼÷¼Ò·Î ÇâÇϰí ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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Although he would have worked all
day in the bank, his other working day was about to
begin. In the evening, this bank clerk's custom was to
study and write, not just as a pastime, but with a
larger aim: to instruct his fellow citizens, old and
young, male and female, in the literature of the
European past.**
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´Ù¸¥ Àϰú°¡ ¸· ½ÃÀ۵ǷÁ´Â ÁßÀÌ´Ù. Àú³á¿¡, ÀÌ
ÀºÇà¿øÀÇ ½À°üÀº ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÁýÇÊÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ´ÜÁö
¼ÒÀϰŸ®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ, ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á» Å« ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áö°í:
³²³à³ë¼Ò¸¦ ºÒ¹®Çϰí, ±×ÀÇ µ¿½Ã´ëÀÎ µé¿¡°Ô À¯·´ÀÇ
°ú°Å ¹®ÇÐÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡±â À§ÇÏ¿©.
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Paradox marked the life of Thomas Bulfinch, the man
described above. His hard-working days and rented room
contrasted with the elegance of his family's former
days. His seeming tameness and propriety masked the
boldness of a pioneering thinker about the role of
traditional literature in the rapidly changing society
of the United States.
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»çȸ¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀüÅë¹®ÇÐ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÃëÀûÀÎ
»ç»ó°¡·Î¼ÀÇ ±»°ÇÇÔÀ» ¼û±â°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Thomas Bulfinch was born in l796 to Charles and Hannah
(Apthorp) Bulfinch, the sixth of their eleven children
and third in line of those who survived infancy. His
father was Charles
Bulfinch, famous for his designs for buildings
in the federalist style - for example, the
Massachusetts State House, and portions of the Capitol
in Washington. Thomas was born in Newton, Massachusetts
in a residence where his parents were living
temporarily, but his life and that of his family were
rooted in Boston. In the year of his birth, his father,
who had been prosperous, lost his own fortune and that
of his wife because of his investment in his own bold
building scheme for a
row of residences in Boston. Charles Bulfinch's
complete financial failure in this business venture
drastically and permanently changed his life and that of
his family.
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Thomas Bulfinch, although brought up in a family with
limited financial means, had advantages which in the
long run served him well. Because his forebears, the
Bulfinches and the Apthorps, had been influential both
in Boston and elsewhere, he was acquainted with some of
society's leaders. In addition, he was educated at some
of the finest institutions America boasted at the time:
Boston Latin School, Phillips Exeter Academy, and
Harvard College.
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°Ô´Ù°¡, ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÀÚ¶ûÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ±â°ü µî¿¡¼ ±³À° ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù:
º¸½ºÅÏ ¶óƾ¾î Çб³, Çʸ³½º ¿¢½ºÅÍ Çпø, ¹× ÇÏ¹Ùµå ´ëÇÐ.
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After graduating from Harvard in l814, he taught briefly
at Boston
Latin School and then began a business career, which
he would later consider a serious mistake.
He went from one to another branch of business, never
achieving financial security until 1837 when he settled
into a modest post as a clerk at the Merchants' Bank. He
held this position the rest of his life. Eventually he
became a part-time writer. The Age of Fable (the
book did not acquire its other name Bulfinch's
Mythology until the l880s) was published when he was
fifty-nine. Happily, it brought him renown and the first
real prosperity he had ever known.
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¾ÈÁ¤À» ¾òÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°¡, 1837³â »ó¾÷ÀÎ ÀºÇà¿¡
ÀºÇà¿øÀ¸·Î ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ´·¯ ¾É°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â
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±×´Â °á±¹ ÆÄƮŸÀÓ ÀÛ°¡°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. The age of Fable(ÀÌ
Ã¥Àº 1880³â±îÁö Bulfinch's Mythology¶ó´Â ´Ù¸¥
À̸§À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù)Àº ±×°¡ 59¼¼ µÇ´ø ÇØ¿¡
ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇູÇϰԵµ ÀÌ °ÍÀÌ ±×¸¦
À¯¸íÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°¡ ¾Æ´Â ÇÑ Ã¹ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ ÁøÂ¥ ¼º°øÀ̾ú´Ù.
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Except for a few years when he lived with his family in
Washington, he lived in Boston. He never married. His
attachments to his family of birth were always close,
particularly to his parents with whom he lived most of
the time until they died. He volunteered his services to
at least two of the city's most respected institutions -
King's
Chapel where he was a lifelong parishioner, and the Boston
Society of Natural History where he served as
Secretary during the l840s. Until his publishing success
in the 1850s, his life was inconspicuous.
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How did it come about that in late middle age Thomas
Bulfinch decided to write books, most of them aimed at
making accessible to people who were not members of the
elite traditional works of literature? He was following
in the footsteps of his architect father Charles
Bulfinch who earlier had set an example of using one's
personal resources, even to the point of prodigality, to
serve the general public. Thomas's immediate motivation
sprang from work on a prayer book for King's Chapel in
the early 1850s. As he studied the Psalms, he devised
the plan of making them more accessible to the ordinary
reader. For this reason, he wrote his first book, Hebrew
Lyrical History, published in 1853, in which he
arranged the Psalms not in their usual order, but as
they corresponded, either in fact or spirit, with events
in Jewish history. In his Preface to that work, he says
that he hopes this arrangement will "make the
Psalms more interesting by linking them in a chain or
narrative."
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»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ Ã¥µéÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÏ·Á°í
°á½ÉÇÏ¿´À»±î? ±×´Â ÀÏ¹Ý ´ëÁß¿¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇϱâ
À§ÇÏ¿©, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ³¶ºñ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
°³ÀÎÀû ÀÚ¿øÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ º»À» ¼¼¿î °ÇÃà°¡ÀÎ ¾Æ¹öÁö
Âû½º ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ ¹ßÀÚ±¹À» µû¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Å丶½ºÀÇ
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ µ¿±â´Â 1850³â´ë Ãʱ⿡ Å·½º ±³È¸ ±âµµ¼
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µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ´õ¿í ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÏ´Â °èȹÀ»
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Àá¾ðÀ» ±× Æò»óÀûÀÎ ¼ø¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±³½ÅÀ» ÇÑ
¼ø¼´ë·Î, »ç½ÇÀÌµç ¿µÀûÀ̵ç, À¯´ëÀÇ ¿ª»ç»ó
»ç°Ç¿¡ µû¶ó ¹èÄ¡Çß´Ù. ±× ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¹®¿¡¼,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹è¿ÀÌ "Àá¾ðÀ» ¿¬°áÀ̳ª ¼¼ú¿¡ µû¶ó
À̾î ÁÖ¹«·Î¼ ´õ¿í Àç¹ÌÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé¾î ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù."¶ó°í
Çß´Ù.
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Hebrew Lyrical History was a dress rehearsal for The
Age of Fable. In the former work, the Psalms are the
main subject matter. This subject matter is controlled
by a guiding hypothesis: the reading of Psalms which are
related in either fact or spirit to historical events, in
the order in which these events occurred, will help
readers better to understand both the Psalms and Jewish
history. In The Age of Fable, myths, chiefly
Greek and Roman, are the main subject matter. This
subject matter is also controlled by a guiding
hypothesis: the reading of certain myths told in a
certain way (so as not to dispel their charm) will help
readers better understand both the myths, and British
and American poetry which in Bulfinch's time (as well as
earlier) drew heavily from mythology. In the book, he
includes l88 passages of myth-related poetry.
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¿¬½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¼ Àá¾ðÀº Áß½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Â
ÁÖÁ¦ ¹°À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¹°Àº Áöħ °¡¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
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Á¤½Å¿¡ °ü°èµÈ Àá¾ðÀ» ÀÐÀ½Àº Àá¾ð°ú À¯´ë ¿ª»ç µÑ ´Ù¸¦
ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ´õ¿í µµ¿Í ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ìÈÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡¼,
½ÅȰ¡ -ÁÖ·Î ±×¸®½º¿Í ·Î¸¶ÀÇ- ÁÖµÈ ÁÖÁ¦¹°À̾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¹°Àº ¶ÇÇÑ Áöħ °¡¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÅëÁ¦µÇ°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: (µ¶ÀÚ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¸Å·ÂÀ» ÀÒÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÇÏ´Â)¾î¶²
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±â¼úµÈ ¾î¶² ½ÅȵéÀ» ÀÐÀ½Àº µ¶ÀÚµéÀÌ
½Åȵé°ú ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡(ÀÌÀüÀº ¹°·ÐÀ̰í)
½ÅÈ¿¡ ±íÀÌ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿©¿Â ¿µ±¹ ¹× ¹Ì±¹ ½Ã¸¦
ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ´õ¿í µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àú¼¿¡¼, ±×´Â
188°³ÀÇ ½ÅȰü·Ã ½Ã±¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
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Bulfinch would go on to write six more books. In the
evening, after dinner with his fellow lodgers at the
landlady's table, he would ordinarily go to his room to
study and write. His niece Ellen Susan Bulfinch, editor
of The Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch,
Architect, with Other Family Papers (Boston, 1896)
describes the room as resembling "that of a
student" with "volumes of Latin, Italian,
German, and English classics piled on chair and
sofa." A close friend, most likely George Barrell
Emerson who was a well-known educator, summed up his
motives in the following words:
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Çϼ÷Áý ¾ÈÁÖÀÎÀÇ Å×ÀÌºí¿¡¼ µ¿·á Çϼ÷»ýµé°ú ½Ä»ç ÈÄ,
±×´Â ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ¾µ °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í ±×ÀÇ
¹æÀ¸·Î µé¾î °¬´Ù. °ÇÃà°¡ Âû½º ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í
¼½Åµé ¹× ±âŸ ´Ù¸¥ °¡Á· ½Å¹®ÀÇ ÆíÁýÀÚÀÎ ±×ÀÇ
Áú³à ¿¤·» ¼öÀÜ ºÒÇÉÄ¡´Â ±× ¹æÀ», ÀÇÀÚ¿Í ¼ÒÆÄ¿¡
¶óƾ¾î, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¾î, µ¶ÀϾî, ±×¸®°í ¿µ¾î °íÀüµéÀ»
ÀÜ¶à ½×¾Æ ³õÀº "ÇлýÀÇ ¹æ"°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù°í
¹¦»çÇß´Ù. °¡±î¿î Ä£±¸ÀÎ, ÁÖ·Î Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ±³À°ÀÚ
ÁÒÁö ¹è·² ¿¡¸Ó½¼Àº ±×ÀÇ µ¿±âµéÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº
¸»·Î ¿ä¾àÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù:
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For many hours of every day, occupied with the details
of trade, his real day was given to study, to the
highest poetry of the ancients and the moderns, and to
the history of the thoughts and deeds of great men and
heroes, not as an idle amusement, but that he might
gather thence facts and principles for the guidance of
the young to the more complete understanding of much
of the best of English literature. (This passage is
drawn from Andrew P. Peabody, Voices of the Dead; a
Sermon Preached at King's Chapel, Boston, June 2,
1867, Being the Sunday following the Decease of Mr.
Thomas Bulfinch [Boston, 1867].)
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¸ôµÎÇÏ¿©, ±×ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÏ·ç´Â ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù -
°í´ë¿Í Çö´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³ ½Ã, »ç»óÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í
À§´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷µé°ú ¿µ¿õµéÀÇ ¹«¿ë´ã, ¼ÒÀÏ
°Å¸®·Î¼ÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ °¡Àå
¶Ù¾î³ ¿µ±¹¹®ÇÐÀÇ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ ´õ¿í
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â Áöħ¼¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ
»ç½Ç°ú ¿ø¸®µé ¸ð¾Æ ³ª°¬´Ù. (ÀÌ ±¸ÀýÀº "»çÀÚ(ÞÝíº)ÀÇ
¸ñ¼Ò¸®"ÀÇ ¾Øµå·ù P. ÇǺ¸µð;
1867³â 6¿ù2ÀÏ º¸½ºÅÏÀÇ Å·½º ±³È¸¿¡¼ ¼³±³; 1867³â º¸½ºÅÏ¿¡¼
Å丶½º ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ »ç¸Á µÚÀÎ ÀÏ¿äÀÏÀÎ)¿¡¼
ÀοëÇÏ¿´´Ù.)
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These lines written by one who knew him well attest to
the fact that public-spiritedness and generosity were
the motives that compelled Thomas Bulfinch to make his
enduring contribution to American life.
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±×¸¦ Àß ¾Æ´Â
ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¾²¿©Áø ÀÌ ±¸ÀýµéÀº, °øÀÎ Á¤½Å°ú ³ÐÀº
¸¶À½ÀÌ, Å丶½º ºÒÇÉÄ¡°¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ »î¿¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â
±â¿©¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï À̲ö µ¿±âµéÀ̾úÀ½À» Àß Áõ°ÅÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù.
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Å丶½º ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ ÀÇ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ð½ÀÀº ¿ø·¡
¿¤·» ¼öÀÜ ºÒÇÉÄ¡°¡ ÃâÆÇÇÑ The
Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch, Architect, with
Other Family Papers (Boston, 1896)¿¡ ÀÖ´ø
ÃÊ»óÈ¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ³ªÀÇ Àú¼, <<ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ ÇØ¹ý: ¹Ì±¹ ±³´Ü¿¡¼ÀÇ °íÀü ¹®ÇÐ ±³À°>>ÀÇ
¾ÕÀå¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Portions of the following account are
drawn from the author's The Bulfinch Solution:
Teaching the Ancient Classics in American Schools
(Salem, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., l990), ISBN
0-88l43-ll2-5. This page is an authorized version of the
account on the author's web site, Thomas
Bulfinch: His Life and Work.
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¾Æ·¡ ¼³¸íÀÇ ºÎºÐµéÀº ÀúÀÚÀÇ <<
ºÒÇÉÄ¡ÀÇ ÇØ¹ý: ¹Ì±¹ ±³´Ü¿¡¼ÀÇ °íÀü ¹®ÇÐ ±³À° (
Salem, NH: Ayer Company Publishers, Inc., l990), ISBN 0-88l43-ll2-5>>¿¡¼
°¡Á®¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆäÀÌÁö´Â ÀúÀÚÀÇ À¥»çÀÌÆ®Thomas
Bulfinch: His Life and Work·Î ºÎÅÍ ½ÂÀÎ ¹ÞÀº
¹öÀüÀÌ´Ù.
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